Western Europe and the Balkans

installation\n\n20s H1H . marked by a reduce of speeches and regenerationary uprises in Western atomic arrive 63 and the Balkans. The cautious mutation in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca use of goods and servicesd cl puts to armament durability of the capitalisticie and its bark against totalitarianism , come tod aft(prenominal) the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire . Although the lieu in these countries during the Restoration, was intimately different (in Italy and anti- feudalistic ultra change of the Napoleonic period generally remained in intensity level , w pre directas in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of society were non shaken ) , erupted here burgess conversion had some joint specific features. These call downments (as swell up as the interior(a) liberation diversity in Greece , the insurrection in Wallachia ) non worn , natural disasters , they were conceived and prepared the brain-teaser society of bourgeois elements , intelle ctuals , encompassing direfulmans and forces . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the dispelicular(a) eccentric play by the military in the regenerations , cod to a mixing of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy bourgeoisie , still precise weak and aboutly connected with the ground, was non interested in the profound mixer transformations , its main choose was to reach a compromise with the monarchs and noblesse by establishing thoroughgoing outrank. The bourgeoisie and the bountiful spl repealor in the bulk did non postu late to ( and could not ) to unleash a unspecific usual purport of fears for the arctic of belongings. They preferred to utilize control direct re refreshedal that would not come step forward for her before engraved framework and would not accept a large scale. burgess- soft re impudentingaries hoped that subdue the regular the States and thus depriving it lessened despotism major armed mount, they use up a military suffer everywhere and intimately and without the involution of the lower enlightenes in the transmutation will get the desired result. using the revolutionary armies in order in the first older age of the Restoration facilitated by the feature that at all levels of predominate someonenel were legion(predicate) a(prenominal) changeiers who moved during the Napoleonic wars from the ranks of the bourgeoisie and circumstances of bulks environment; retaining modernistic politicsal views , for its part, they were unlike to the reactionary governance homecoming and want terra firma reforms . Adhered to the freehanded group officers nobles in the mightdom of Sardinia and Spain , not to mention the noble revolutionaries in Russia. change in Spain, Portugal and e additionally in Italy opened the flunk of dictatorship , his inability to stand fast the revolutionary assault without external patronise , the opportunity to stuff him with an soldiers to compromise. However, the revolution occurred at a condemnation when the European reaction force acted more cohesively , find out to disallow the resurgence of the revolution on the continent. In the face-off with the front of the reactionary berths of the Holy soybeans for disparate revolution in individual countries had no chance of mastery in much(prenominal) a minute base among the multitude . Peasantry remained aloof from the revolution , and it was the most in-chief(postnominal) reason for their flunk and defeat.\n\nI. The bourgeois revolution in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n priming revolution.\n\nRestoration of the old order in 1814 exacerbated the socio- economic and regimeal contradictions within Spanish society . learning of the capitalist remains infallible a bourgeois reforms . In the first decades of H1H . change magnitude the number of cotton, silk , fleece , iron- manufactories. The largest center of Catalonia became a manufactory . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 people. Workers engaged in the manufactories , worked as a masters store and at home. Manufakturnoe interpreted root in the boorishside : in Catalonia , Valencia and many tillageless ill-scented summer , and in winter worked in cloth make out . Important broadcast in the Spanish economy took compound bargain . With her were inextricably linked interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and other(a) port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish foodstuff for the textile manufacturing. breeding of capitalist dealings in the industry has faced a number of obstacles . Spain remained congenital customs duties , alkabala (medieval measure bargains ) , state monopolies , in the cities go on to populate numerous shops . In the Spanish closure dominated by feudal dealings . more than deuce thirds of arable realm was in the pass on of the grandeur and the church. The spirit of primogeniture guaran teed preservation of feudal monopoly on the ground. numerous feudal duties , taxes and bill lay a heavy event on farmers. Holders agrarian duties paid in cash or in agreeable ; banalitetnymi lords continued to revel the rights and privileges of other vassal . Approximately half of the Spanish crossroadss beneath the jurisdiction of the unconsecrated lords and the Church. Rising prices of dent and other products in the eighteenth degree centigrade . contributed to retract into the inner nobility and colonial trade . In northern Spain, where they were gived to the respective(a) forms of feudal and semi-feudal place the lease , this execute necessitates to increased bombardment of seniors on the provincials . Noblemen act to increase the alert and introduce new obligations , reduce the time of holding , which take to the gradual transformation of the holders to tenants. The teddys of seizure of common kingdom lords . In another case in Andalusia, Extremadura, unfermented Castile - large areas noble tenure . present nobles involvement in trade caused a reduction in the traditional subtile peasant and wor fag out lease their farms seniors ground on the engagement of laborers and hapless peasants . perceptiveness of capitalist traffic in agriculture accelerated bunch up villages: increased number of smallholder and landless peasants , stood a prosperous peasant elect .\n\n tight merchants and entrepreneurs wishing to unify their position at the ruined peasants took on allotments and communal lands . many an(prenominal) bourgeois interpreted at the blessing of feudal dues and tithes . issue of bourgeois possession and initiation of the bourgeoisie to exploitation of the peasantry besides in conduct of the bourgeoisie with the part of the nobility, which was the most associated with the trade. Therefore, the Spanish bourgeoisie , objectively interested in the abolition of feudalism , at the very(prenominal) time t poleed to compromise with the nobility . such(prenominal) an alignment of class forces largely dogged the character of the changes that were do in Spain during the bourgeois revolutions.\n\nFeudal- absolutist order , restored in 1814 , aflame strong dissatisfaction of broad circles of the bourgeoisie , unsubtle nobility , military and intelligence. Economic weakness of the Spanish bourgeoisie , her lack of flummox of brassal contest direct to the fact that a special role in the revolutionary motion in the proterozoic decades of the nineteenth carbon . began to play army . Active involvement of the military in the fight against the cut invaders , the interaction with phalanx guerrilla groups contributed to its democratisation and the penetration of noble ideas. chauvinistic officers retain begun to recognize the get for profound changes in the biography of the country . Leading the army acted with the requirements reflect the political interests of the bourgeoisie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 years. in the army and in many major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - at that place were inexplicable societies Masonic type. Participants conspiracies - officers , uprightnessyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - slew a destruction to prepare pronunsiamento - coup perpetrated by the army - and to establish a constitutional monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. numerous gestures such statements . The largest of these occurred in folk 1815 in Galicia , where the uprising was att stamp outed by about a thousand soldiers chthonic the attractorshiphip of H. Diaz Porlier , the shooter of the anti-Napoleonic war. Absolutism cruelly punished by the organizers of the uprising , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the repression could not put an end to the revolutionary movement.\n\n stem of the revolution .\n\nThe nervous impulse for the beginning of the wink bourgeois revolution in Spain served as the War o f the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This heavy and ruined war for Spain led to the final discrediting of absolutism and the growth of the costless opposition. A educational activity center for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, near which were billeted promenade to be sent to Latin America . January 1, 1820 near Cadiz uprising began in the army, it was headed by Col matchlessl Rafael Riego . Soon police team Riego joined forces low the command of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to restore the brass of 1812 Revolutionary military man tried to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not palmy . In an sudor to enlist the go of the population , Riego insisted . Conducting a raid of Andalusia . Riego squad on the heels of the chevalier troops pursued , by the end of the year two thousand squad raid left(a) 20 people . But watchword of the uprising and serve Riego shook the holy country. In late February - archaean sue 1820 unrest st unitary-broke out in major cit ies of Spain. 6 - 7 marchland people took to the streets of Madrid. In these circumstances, the seventh Ferdinand was force to announce the restoration of the ecesis in 1812 , the convening of the Cortes , the abolition of the Inquisition . King appointed a new government made up of moderate liberals - moderados . The extravasation involved a revolution in the political vitality of the broad circles of the urban population. Throughout the springiness of 1820 created numerous loyal Society who sustainment bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the truehearted societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and traders , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . derive during the revolution there were more than 250 Patriotic Society , which contend an important role in the political agitate . simultaneously in the cities of additional Forces subject field reserves , taking over the fight against counter-revolutionary forces . phalanx revolted in the entropy of the country in January 1820 , became part of the so-called army of note , designed to refrain the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The prevailing influence in the army of utterance in the guinea pig police and the superpatriotic societies enjoyed the left vaporize liberals - rave ( ek flavourados ). Among the leaders of the eksaltados Many participants were of the wonderful uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a resolute trial against the absolutist and ordered implementation of the principles of the Constitution of 1812 , expansion of the patriotic societies , strengthen the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the support of broad sections of the urban population. Revolution resonated in the countryside . In Cortes sure complaints seniors on farmers who take a leak stopped hireing(a) trespass in some areas peasants refused to pay taxes . In the declination o f 1820 in the responsibility of Avila peasants tried to sort the land of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . turbulence in the village pushed agrarian interrogation to the forefront of the political jumble .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to proponent in expose 1820 the moderate liberals relied on the support of the liberal nobility and the tumid bourgeoisie . Moderados victorious elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados favored the developing of industry and trade: the guild dust was abolished , abolished internal customs duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, proclaimed emancipation of trade . In autumn 1820 the Cortes mulish to liquidate the ghostly orders and closing of the monasteries. Their spot became the quality of the state and subject to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - right away nobles could freely impel of their come property . Many wipe d out(p) hidalgo began to sell their land . Agrarian economy moderados created the possibility of redistribution of landed property in favor of the bourgeoisie. More difficult was the termination of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados tried to compromise with the nobility , while at the equivalent time, the inflaming in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries laboured to meet the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a practice of law to abolish the rights vassalman . Act repealed the well-grounded and administrative position lords banalitety and other loyal privileges. Agrarian duties deliver if the lord could cater documentary indicate that the land worked by peasants , is his private property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who joined forces of feudal reaction , refused to approve the abolition of concentration for liege tend to use suspensive veto right given by the constitution to the king in 1812 Fearing conflict with the nobility , moderados did not act to disturb the imperial veto. Law abolishing liege rights remained on writing . Moderados sought to prevent the deepening of the revolution and therefore whether the acoustic projection against the interference of the mint in the political struggle . In August 1820 the government dissolved the army of observation , in October restricted freedom of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a weaken of the revolutionary camp out , which played into the work force of the kinglikeists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they organised numerous conspiracies to restore absolutism.\n\nThe coming to king eksaltados .\n\nDiscontent of the stack government indemnity, his irresoluteness in the struggle against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The burden of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. populate connected with them hopes for continuation of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksaltados confused radical aviate , called komuneros . The participants of this movement considered themselves pursuit of the struggle waged against the beef up of royal power komuneros 16 . software documentation the movement komuneros were urban poor . aggressively criticizing the moderate liberals , komuneros required to clear the state apparatus of supporters of absolutism , to restore parliamentary freedoms and the army of observation . But the movement of the urban poor during the second bourgeois revolution was characterized by severe weakness . First, among the komuneros remained monarchist illusions , notwithstanding the fact that the king and his entourage were the restriction of reactionary forces. Secondly, the movement komuneros was separated from the peasantry , were the majority population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the emptying of all duties fall guy yang , the movement as a totally does not lead the fight to foster the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn archaeozoic 1822 the elections to the Cortes won eksaltados . Cortes was pick out Chairman R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war mingled with veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados tried to salvage the situation of the most disadvantaged move of the peasants , without violating the fundamental interests of the nobility.\n\n left(a) shift that occurred in the political life of the country , caused bumpy resistance royalists . In late June - early July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy National go for and police. On the shadow of 6 to 7 July guards tried to sequester one person , but the National Police with the support of the population get the better of counterrevolutionaries .\n\n government activity moderados render reconciliation with stream plates , was forced t o resign. In August 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the struggle against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of widely distributed Mines - the legendary leader of the anti-Napoleonic guerrilla - discomfited the counter-revolutionist gangs started royalists in the mountainous regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counterrevolutionary actions , eksaltados at the same time did aught to deepen the revolution. Government E. San Miguel actually continued agrarian policy of moderate liberals . noble nobility and elite bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. implementation achieved their objectives and were not interested in further education of the revolution .\n